Epithalon

Epithalon's mechanism of action is believed to involve the regulation of melatonin production and the modulation of circadian rhythms. Melatonin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in sleep-wake cycles, antioxidant defense, and immune function. Studies have shown that Epithalon can stimulate melatonin secretion from the pineal gland, which may contribute to its potential anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.

Additionally, Epithalon has been found to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown to reduce oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Epithalon's anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in various studies, where it has been shown to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce inflammation in different tissues.

Furthermore, Epithalon has been investigated for its potential effects on telomere length and telomerase activity. Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with age and are associated with cellular senescence. Some studies suggest that Epithalon may help maintain telomere length and promote telomerase activity, which could contribute to its potential anti-aging properties.

• Anti-aging effects: Epithalon has been studied for its potential to prolong lifespan and reduce age-related degenerative changes in various animal models.

• Neuroprotection: Several studies have demonstrated Epithalon's neuroprotective properties, suggesting its potential in preventing or mitigating age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

• Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects: Epithalon has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which are key factors in the aging process and the development of age-related diseases.

• Regulation of circadian rhythms: By stimulating melatonin production, Ephitalon may help regulate sleep-wake cycles and improve sleep quality, which are essential for overall health and well-being.

• Potential effects on telomere length and telomerase activity: Some studies suggest that Epithalon may help maintain telomere length and promote telomerase activity, which could contribute to its potential anti-aging properties.

Epithalon is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with no significant side effects reported in most studies. However, as with any substance, individual responses may vary, and further research is needed to fully understand its long-term safety profile. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before considering the use of Epithalon or any other peptide for research purposes.

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide that has been extensively researched for its potential anti-aging, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its mechanism of action involves the regulation of melatonin production, modulation of circadian rhythms, and potential effects on telomere length and telomerase activity. Studies have demonstrated Epitalon's ability to prolong lifespan, reduce age-related degenerative changes, and protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases in various animal models. While Epithalon is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, further research is needed to fully understand its long-term safety profile and potential applications in mammalian health and longevity.

1. Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro.Yue X, Liu SL, Guo JN, Meng TG, Zhang XR, Li HX, Song CY, Wang ZB, Schatten H, Sun QY, Guo XP. Aging (Albany NY). 2022 Apr 12;14(7):3191-3202. doi: 10.18632/aging.204007. Epub 2022 Apr 12. PMID: 35413689

2. Epitalon and colon carcinogenesis in rats: proliferative activity and apoptosis in colon tumors and mucosa. Kossoy G, Zandbank J, Tendler E, Anisimov V, Khavinson V, Popovich I, Zabezhinski M, Zusman I, Ben-Hur H. Int J Mol Med. 2003 Oct;12(4):473-7. PMID: 12964022

3. Epitalon influences pineal secretion in stress-exposed rats in the daytime. Sibarov DA, Kovalenko RI, Malinin VV, Khavinson VKh. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Oct-Dec;23(5-6):452-4. PMID: 12500171

4. Peptides and Ageing. Khavinson VKh. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12374906 Review.

5. AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic Mechanism. Khavinson V, Diomede F, Mironova E, Linkova N, Trofimova S, Trubiani O, Caputi S, Sinjari B. Molecules. 2020 Jan 30;25(3):609. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030609. PMID: 32019204

6. Effect of epitalon on the lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster. Khavinson VK, Izmaylov DM, Obukhova LK, Malinin VV. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 Dec 1;120(1-3):141-9. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00217-7. PMID: 11087911

7. Inhibitory effect of peptide Epitalon on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA. Cancer Lett. 2002 Sep 8;183(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00090-3. PMID: 12049808

8. Effects of intranasal administration of epitalon on neuron activity in the rat neocortex. Sibarov DA, Vol'nova AB, Frolov DS, Nozdrachev AD. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2007 Nov;37(9):889-93. doi: 10.1007/s11055-007-0095-3. PMID: 17955380

9. Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosa. Khavinson V, Razumovsky M, Trofimova S, Grigorian R, Razumovskaya A. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):365-8. PMID: 12195242 Clinical Trial.

10. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA, Alimova IN, Rosenfeld SV, Zavarzina NY, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI. Biogerontology. 2003;4(4):193-202. doi: 10.1023/a:1025114230714. PMID: 14501183

11. Peptide Epitalon activates chromatin at the old age. Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Monaselidze JR, Jokhadze TA, Dvalishvili NA, Bablishvili NK, Trofimova SV. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003 Oct;24(5):329-33. PMID: 14647006

12. Identification of the small research tetra peptide Epitalon, assumed to be a potential treatment for cancer, old age and Retinitis Pigmentosa in two illegal pharmaceutical preparations. Vanhee C, Moens G, Van Hoeck E, Deconinck E, De Beer JO. Drug Test Anal. 2015 Mar;7(3):259-64. doi: 10.1002/dta.1771. Epub 2014 Dec 22. PMID: 25535022

13. Effect of preparations melatonin and epitalon on the age-related dynamics of thyrotrophic activity of the hypophysis and thyroid gland function in different light regimes. Vinogradova IA. Adv Gerontol. 2009;22(4):631-8. PMID: 20405731 Russian.