MOTS-c

MOTS-c exerts its effects through multiple mechanisms of action. One of the primary ways MOTS-c functions is by regulating cellular energy metabolism. It has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity, improve glucose uptake, and promote fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells. MOTS-c also activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which is a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. By activating AMPK, MOTS-c can stimulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism, leading to improved metabolic health.

In addition to its metabolic effects, MOTS-c has demonstrated neuroprotective properties. Studies have shown that MOTS-c can protect against oxidative stress-induced damage in neuronal cells and improve cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. MOTS-c has also been found to promote the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is essential for neuronal survival, growth, and plasticity.

Furthermore, MOTS-c has been implicated in the regulation of aging processes. It has been shown to extend lifespan in animal models and improve various age-related parameters, such as muscle function and bone density. MOTS-c has also been found to modulate the expression of genes involved in longevity pathways, such as the sirtuin family of proteins.

The potential benefits of MOTS-c are numerous and far-reaching. Some of the key benefits supported by research include:

• Improved metabolic health MOTS-c has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and fatty acid oxidation, leading to better metabolic regulation and reduced risk of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

• Neuroprotection MOTS-c has demonstrated neuroprotective effects, including protection against oxidative stress-induced damage and improvement of cognitive function in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.

• Anti-aging effects MOTS-c has been found to extend lifespan in animal models and improve various age-related parameters, suggesting its potential as an anti-aging intervention.

• Cardioprotection Studies have shown that MOTS-c can protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart and improve cardiac function in animal models of cardiovascular disease.

• Bone health MOTS-c has been found to promote bone formation and prevent bone loss in animal models, indicating its potential for maintaining bone health and preventing osteoporosis.

To date, no significant side effects of MOTS-c have been reported in the available research studies. However, it is important to note that most of the studies have been conducted in animal models or in vitro cell cultures, and further research is needed to fully understand the safety profile of MOTS-c in mammals. As with any new therapeutic agent, caution should be exercised, and proper dosing and administration protocols should be followed.

• No significant side effects reported in available research studies

• Most studies conducted in animal models or in vitro cell cultures

• Further research needed to understand safety profile in mammals

• Caution should be exercised with any new therapeutic agent

• Proper dosing and administration protocols should be followed

MOTS-c is a promising mitochondrial-derived peptide with a wide range of potential health benefits. Research has shown that MOTS-c can regulate cellular energy metabolism, provide neuroprotection, extend lifespan, protect against cardiovascular disease, and promote bone health. Its unique mechanism of action, which involves the activation of key metabolic pathways such as AMPK and the modulation of longevity-related genes, makes it an attractive candidate for various therapeutic applications. While the current evidence is primarily based on animal studies and in vitro experiments, the findings suggest that MOTS-c may have significant implications for human health. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the effects of MOTS-c in mammals and to develop safe and effective therapeutic strategies based on this innovative peptide.

1. Lee, C., Kim, K. H., & Cohen, P. (2023). MOTS-c Regulates Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis in Mice. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14.

2. Liu, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, Z. (2021). MOTS-c Activates AMPK Signaling to Regulate Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Frontiers in Physiology, 12.

3. Xu, J., Wang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2023). MOTS-c Protects Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Damage and Improves Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease Models. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 89(2), 645-658.

4. Zhao, L., Li, H., & Wang, J. (2023). Neuroprotective Effects of MOTS-c in Alzheimer's Disease Models. Neuroscience Letters, 793, 136890.

5. Lu, J., Zhu, X., & Wang, Y. (2019). MOTS-c Promotes the Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Neuronal Cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 517(3), 465-470.

6. Zhu, X., Li, J., & Chen, L. (2023). MOTS-c Extends Lifespan and Improves Age-Related Parameters in Mice. Aging Cell, 22(4), e13724.

7. Qin, Q., Wang, S., & Liu, Y. (2023). MOTS-c Promotes Bone Formation and Prevents Bone Loss in Aged Mice. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 38(4), 687-698.

8. Yan, W., Li, T., & Zhang, L. (2021). MOTS-c Regulates Longevity Pathways and Extends Lifespan in Mice. Nature Communications, 12(1), 3208.